Russia

The State Emblem of the Russian Federation represents the image of the gold two-headed eagle placed on a red heraldic board; above an eagle — Peter the Great’s three historical crowns (above heads — two small and above them — one of greater size); in paws of an eagle there are a scepter and power; on a breast of an eagle on a red board is the horseman defeating with a spear of a dragon.

The gold two-headed eagle on a red floor keeps historical continuity in colour scale of the emblems of the end of XV — XVII centuries. Figure of an eagle goes back to images on monuments of an epoch of Peter the Great. Above heads of an eagle Peter the Great’s symbolizing in new conditions the sovereignty both all Russian Federation three historical crowns, and its parts, subjects of Federation are represented; in paws there are a scepter and the power personifying the government and the unito state; on a breast — the image of the horseman defeating with a spear of a dragon. It is one of ancient symbols of struggle of goods with harm, light with darkness, protection of Fatherland. Restoration of a two-headed eagle as State Emblem of Russia personifies indissolubility and continuity of domestic history. The today’s emblems of Russia are new ones, but its components are deeply traditional; it also reflects different stages of domestic history, and continues them in the third millennium

Russia is the largest on the territory the state on a planet taking more then a half of the Europe (east part) and northeast of Asia. Extent of frontiers 60,9 thousand in km. In the west Russia borders on Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, in the south on Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and Korea.

Coast of Russia are washed from the north by Arctic ocean, from the west by Baltic sea, from the south by Black, Azov and the Caspian seas, from the east — by Pacific ocean and its seas — Bering, Okhotskoye and Japanese. The Slavic states in the East Europe are known from IX century. United them in X–XI centuries the Kiev Russia has broken up and has been won by Mongols in XII century. Moscow great dukes have found all over again a title of tsar (Ivan IV the Terrible), and then emperor (Peter I the Great). The grounds on the west, the south and in particular on the east from capital became components of great empire which conducted numerous wars with neighbours (Swedes, Turks, etc.), strengthening the power. The campaign of the French emperor of Napoleon to Russia has ended with its shattering defeat. In the First World War Russia was a part of the Entente alongside with England and France, being at war against Germany and Austria.

Despotism and weakness of governors, deterioration of an economic situation of the country promoted growth of revolutionary moods: in February — March, 1917 has occurred democratic, and in October — November — socialist revolutions. To authority the party of Bolsheviks led by Lenin has come. Civil war which Bolsheviks have won has begun. 20 — 30th years of XX century were time of restoration of economy, industrialization, collectivization of agriculture and severe reprisals. On June, 22nd, 1941 hitlerite Germany has attacked Soviet Union. Great Domestic war lasted about 4th years. By extreme efforts of all people and greater victims of the USSR won a full victory over fascism in the Second World War. 50 — 70th was time of opposition of two superstates — the USSR and the USA, and the middle of 80th — the beginning of easing of intensity, reorganization, publicity, and mitigation of ideological dogmas, and also growth of separative currents in all regions of the Union. In the end of 1992 the USSR has ceased to exist. Russia is the state-assignee of Soviet Union.

A state system is:

the head of the state is the President.
The representative and legislature is Federal Assembly (parliament; Council of Federation and the State Duma). Executive authority — the government led by chairman.